Attractions
A detailed discussion of the attractions is well beyond the scope of my little guide here. With that said, here's a grouping of rides that you may find helpful so you know what's what. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, just trying to highlight some of the more popular attractions.
Roller Coasters & Thrills
Rock n Roller Coaster
Space Mountain
Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind
Expedition Everest
Big Thunder Mountain
Slinky Dog Dash
Test Track
Seven Dwarfs Mine Train
Twilight Zone Tower of Terror
Dinosaur
Rise of the Resistance
This one bears special mention, because it is the most high demand attraction at Walt Disney World at the moment, and because it doesn't fit neatly into any other category anyway. Rise of the Resistance is primarily a trackless dark ride, where you are in a ride vehicle that passes through various scenes. With that said, it also incorporates motion simulation and drop ride elements. It is a thrilling experience, though the actual visceral thrill level is not particularly intense.
Motion Simulators
Avatar: Flight of Passage
Millennium Falcon: Smuggler's Run
Star Tours
Soarin'
Water Rides
Splash Mountain
Kali River Rapids
Dark Rides
The term "dark ride" refers broadly to attractions where you're in a ride vehicle of some sort and you pass through various show scenes that tell a story. They are not necessarily dark.
Remy's Ratatouille Adventure
Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway
Peter Pan
Jungle Cruise
Pirates of the Caribbean
its a small world
Voyage of the Little Mermaid
Navi River Journey
Winnie the Pooh
Competitive
These are attractions where you are actively participating throughout by shooting at targets to try to get the best score possible.
Toy Story Mania
Buzz Lightyear
Shows
Shows can be a good midday option, because even when the park is crowded, you can usually see a show without a significant wait. It's quite rare that you would need to wait longer than the time to the next show.
Mickey's Philharmagic
Carousel of Progress
Enchanted Tiki Room
Country Bear Jamboree
Festival of the Lion King
Beauty & the Beast
Frozen Singalong
Turtle Talk with Crush
Kids' Stuff
Dumbo
Barnstormer (Kiddie coaster)
Character Meet & Greets
Enchanted Tales with Belle
Triceratop Spin
Alien Spinning Saucers
Other Notable
Disney has several amazing attractions that don't fit neatly into traditional attraction categories:
Kilimanjaro Safari -- open air drive through a massive area with live animals, including lions, rhinos, elephants, and hippos
Tomorrowland Transit Authority -- a super chill tour of Tomorrowland from a track that snakes through several attractions. It's very relaxing and is a great way to take a break (and catch a breeze) without really taking a break.
The height restrictions for all of Disney's attractions can be found here.